Aristotle s Book Viii By Setting Some Ground Work On...

Aristotle begins book VIII by setting some ground work on friendship. Aristotle explains that friendship is something that is â€Å" indispensable for life.† Not one person chooses to not have friends, therefore, it something that involves everyone. He later goes in depth on the fact that there are three categories of friendship: useful, pleasure, and goodness. Useful friendship is when each individual has a benefit from the other. In the case of pleasure friendship, each person in the relationship are drawn to the others personality or physical attributes. According to the text, many younger individuals seem to have a pleasure type friendship. As each individual grows older, the friends leave quickly just like they came in. When I look back at†¦show more content†¦However, the third and final type of friendship may last a much longer duration of time. â€Å"Good† people tend to focus on whats best for their friend rather than themselves, and â€Å"bad† people tend to focus on what benefits themselves, and an activity that they can involve themselves in. Aristotle then concludes thats the highest form of friendship is that between the good men. Furthermore, within these three categories, utility, pleasure, and goodness, there exist relationships between people on an unequal status, for example: father-son relationships or husband-wife relationships. Both partners do not receive the same thing from each other. For example, a father would not expect the same thing from a child compared to what he gives to his child. I personally do not see a child providing financial support or housing for his family. This relationship is therefore unequal, but the affection between each is expected to be equal. I found this to be very accurate. There is no possible way I could give back everything my mother has done or given to me, but the love I show to my mother is something she accepts in return. Therefore, making the relationship equitable. Aris totle also compares the father-son and husband-wife friendships to political systems. A kingship, or monarchy, is comparative to the father-son relationship, and aristocracy is comparative to the husband-wife relationship. It seems he compares these two because, in a way,

Personal Narrative People Need People - 1028 Words

People Need People At half past 10 on my riveting Friday night, I begrudgingly pulled into the nearly empty parking lot that lay adjacent to my family’s store, Smith’s Dress Emporium. My nights have been spent here every night since I was a kid. The same routine every day, day in and day out. The same faded, blue and red, checkered sign, the same grey, bland store front for my whole life. The only difference is now my father isn’t around to run the place. A few months ago, He passed away.. Consequently, I am the acting owner I cut the ignition and made my way out of the car to the front door. As I glanced over to the car adjacent to mine, the only other car in the parking lot, I noticed a bright yellow bumper sticker that read people†¦show more content†¦Blue blouses, out Red slacks, in Tall socks, out Green jackets, in I changed old promotional posters, that should’ve been taken down ages ago. 50% off all black Spiked Belts (While stock available) Buy one get $5 off your next purchase (At Participating locations) putting out new stock. The usual. I had been doing this for quite some time when I began to get hungry. â€Å"Hey hon, what do you want for dinner?† No response again. What a bitch. â€Å"Yuuno this whole act is getting pretty old Jewel, I’m just trying to reach out to you.† Silence. â€Å"No matter how much you think you want to be alone, I know you don’t. Jewel, I need love, you need love Jewel.† She just stares blankly at me, practically emotionless. I need her, I need this to work. I paused to choose my next words very carefully, I couldn’t lose her. I couldn’t lose what we have. â€Å"I need love Jewel. I can’t leave you here alone because I need you. And you need me, we need each other. Right? I know I need you, do you need me?† A long silence fell between us, my mind raced. Was I going to lose her? My knees got weak at the thought of losing her, I just couldnt take it. She couldn t say that she didn t need me, she just couldn t. †Jewel?† â€Å"Jewel?† She isn t answering me. â€Å"Jewel, don’t leave me!† I’m practically screaming at this point. â€Å"Jewel you can not do this to me, you can’t leave me. Please, manufacturing this lie that you can live without expressing yourShow MoreRelatedPatient Narratives1708 Words   |  5 PagesNarratives or stories have been used throughout the history of the human race to allow and help people to express themselves in ways that promote personal growth and enhance physical well-being. 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Comparing and contrasting makes a good argument, because it gives audiences theRead MoreImportance Of Personal Writing915 Words   |  4 Pagespapers or to write forced narratives. I never wrote anything for myself until about junior year in high school. I did always enjoy reading intriguing narratives that others didn’t enjoy though, so that’s exactly what I wrote. Even senior year, I was assigned to write a narrative story based around Arthurian legends; I was proud of what I wrote for the first or maybe second time. Writing narratives in any form became my personal writing genre, becoming specifically narrative poetry now, mostly due toRead MorePersonality Can Be A Hard Concept To Pinpoint, Considering1315 Words   |  6 Pagesagree that no two people are the same. One individual will always differ from another in some way, shape or form. 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Shawshank Book vs Film Essay Example For Students

Shawshank Book vs Film Essay Shawshank RedemptionRita Haywort and the Shawshank Redemption was first presented in 1982, by Stephen King and hooked the hearts of the worlds readers. Literature reviews were immediately written about the book and quickly recognized as one of the years best. Rek Rehn, a book reviewer for Mouth Shut.com Wrote: This book is the jewel of the crown, a tender tale of hope, friendship and retribution. Years later in 1994, Shawshank Redemption was again recognized by a wider audience. It was released as a major motion picture directed by Frank Darabont. The film presented very respectable actors, such as Morgan Freeman and Tim Robbins. The Shawshank Redemption creates a warm hold on our feelings because it makes us a member of a family. Many movies offer us vicarious experiences and quick, superficial emotions. Shawshank slows down and looks, said Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times. Although Shawshank Redemption is a excellent film, it is interesting to see that three obvious times the m ovie goes astray are when the director Mr. Darabont, chose to revise Kings book. It was not a good idea in all three cases. Steven king was the one with the better idea. The first case is the beer scene. In the book, the guard gives beer to the inmates re-tarring the roof, as Andy had asked just like in the film, but the beer is warm in the book. Red even makes the point that it did not matter. That beer was piss-warm, but is was still the best I ever had in my life (37). Just drinking a beer in the sunlight made him feel like a free man. In the film the beer is served on ice. This does not make a very good point. Clancy Brown played Byron Hadley, captain of the guard, who was a nasty and brutal man that had the position of the wardens right hand man. A guy who gives beatings left and right each time showing the audience a little more about whom his character really is. Theres no way he would have done one extra thing than the minimum his deal with Andy required. This might be a small thing to point out, but it shows the directors desire to smooth over and gloss up the story. Reds search for the tree in the film makes it seem like he finds the fence and the tree almost immediately. He was only dropped off and just looked around for a while and there it was. A rock with no earthly business in a Maine hayfield (99). There is a paragraph of description in the book that could have been used as a good voice-over for the film. Therefore, not adding on more second to the running time, but really improving the moment in the story. In the book, Red talks about looking every weekend for weeks, walking around not knowing if the spot he is looking for had turned into a shopping center or a housing project. Why cut this part out of the movie? For all the viewer knows, the director may not of had enough time to fit in such a small yet important part to the film. The last scene of the film is just like the beer subject mentioned earlier. The director continues to make his so-called improvements. The book ends with Red traveling to Mexico. I hope Andy is down there. I h ope I can make it across the border. I hope to see my friend and shake his hand. I hope the Pacific is as blue as it has been in my dreams. I hope (101). He does not know if hes going to find Andy but he has regained his ability to hope. That rebirth of optimism is the true happy ending. The kissy face reunion on the beach while the theme music grows louder is just a bit of overkill and it obviously shows that the director did not trust the book. It was all their no schmaltzy excess was required. The directors ability to make this movie great was there, but one might wonder if it could have been better if Darabont took a more detailed approach toward the book. Mr. Darabont did something right though to have his movie receive seven nominations at the academy awards. This point of view shows that nothing is perfect and that anything looked at with a different perspective can be better. The book takes us deep into the physiological insights, a place that may never be created by the fil m.

Global Strategy for Harvard Business Review -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theGlobal Strategy for Harvard Business Review. Answer: Global Strategy: An Organizing Frame Work, the author of this journal is Sumantra Ghoshal. The author in this article discusses about the global strategy which has been gaining importance over the years. She has discussed a the importance of having a conceptual framework for the Global strategy. The journal states that lack of having a conceptual framework has created confusion among the scholars, many articles have been published previously but none of the articles succeeded in providing a clear idea about Global strategy. The author has discussed different issues related to the global strategy. The different issues are strategic goals, managing risks, national differences and how to use these differences for creating a global advantage, economies of scope and economies of scale are discussed in the journal (Ghoshal 1987). According to Sumantra (1987) many articles in the Harvard Business Review, Fortune, The Economist and other popular journals have been suggesting the Multinational Corporations to take up the Global Strategies. The issue has grabbed the attention of the managers of the Multinational Companies. Many conferences have been conducted have attracted many corporate. This conferences are conducted by the conference board in New York, The financial times in London and the Nomura Securities in Tokyo. Even the countries that are growing at a slower rate are using the global strategies. According to the writer global strategies are the most important tool that is used in the International business in the present scenario (Ghoshal 1987). The global strategy is not clear to many and there are much confusion regarding the concept global strategy. The writers in this field have not been successful in distinguishing the concepts of global firm, global industry and global strategy. A global strategy is appropriate for global industries are, where firm's competitive stats in one national market is affected by its competitive status in any other countries market. This type of interactions between the various market positions of the companies arises from the production benefits or it can arise from the joint ventures or mergers or the sharing of the cost and the other resources in throughput the market. This is not always true because it is opposed by . Who believes that production benefits and the benefits from the mergers and joint ventures can be created and in many cases has been created by strategic actions that are taken by the organization. In many industries the economies of scale are such as aeroframes or aeroengine s, the economies of scale are very large making the need for global integration of activities very important. Many cases industries were not initially global but are striving hard to make a position in the global market and some have even acquired that position. For example, Yosh~da Kagyo KK (YKK) or Procter and Gamble (Yip 2014). She further says that there is a difficulty that is faced by both practitioners and researchers while coming across with the small but complex literary works on global strategies is that there is no organizing framework so that the different opinions and prescriptions can be incorporated. The objectives of Corporations have many dimensions, and they many a times contradict each other. On the other and it is often difficult to give priority to them. Actions take for achieving a specific objective usually contradicts any other objective which might be equally significant . Every prescription aims at achieving certain objectives of a global strategy. The framework is very useful for identifying the trade-offs between those objectives and hence in getting a clear idea of not only the benefits but also the potential costs associated with the alternatives of the various strategies. The author further adds that, the core concept behind making the strategy is that, the actions taken as strategies must affect the other organizations. The firms that operate in imperfect market earn efficiency rents. Therefore the aim behind this strategy is to increase the efficiency rents. In this area of global strategy this efficiency perspective has been shown by the application of the integration-responsiveness framework given by Prahalad and further developed and then applied by a number of authors including Doz, Bartlett and Prahalad and Porter (1991) . There are a number of risks that are faced by a multinational corporation these risks are very harmful and pose a threat to all the firms. Other risks are unique to a specific organization operating in international market. These risks can be classified into four broad categories: The macroeconomic risks which cannot be controlled by the organization. The other risk is defined as the political risk that is caused by the policies that are made by the government, this are called policy risks. The third risk is cause by the competitors that is known as competitive risk. Every organization face this risk which differs from organization to organization. The final risk is called the resource risk as the name suggests these risks are associated with the unavailability of the resources (Roth and Morrison 2016). As opposed by Zou and Tamer Cavusgil (2016) a firm when it is operating in the international market so that it can make more profits by using new technology, or brand name, or management capabilities in various countries around the world. As per the author, the main competencies of the multinational remains within the the firm, but, they keep searching for additional profits or the desire to safeguard their existing earnings, this is the reason for the existence of multinationals corporations. Other literatures might not be able to exaplain the reason how some corporations grow and flourish. A different outlook might might suggest that the key element for the success of multinational corporations is that they operate in a different environment in different countries thus making it more capable of operating in difficult situations. This diversity gives exposure to many stimuli, and lets it to develop diverse capabilities. Thus providing it with a excellent learning opportunity compare d to a domestic market. The recent works on global strategy have been focusing at identification of the generic strategies like global cost leadership. focus or niche) and justifying specific strategic actions like cross-subsidy or pre-cmptive investments. There are three basic techniques for creating global competitive advantage: using differences in input and output markets in different countries, use of economies of scale, and using economies of scope (Roth, Schweiger and Morrison 2017). According to Chandler, Hagstrom and Solvell (2013), the comparative advantage of locations in respect of the differences in factor costs is one the most discussed, and also the best understood source of competitive advantage in international business. Different countries have different factor and conditions and if there is no efficient market, it will lead to inter-country differences in factor costs. Various activities of the company, like as RD, production, marketing, etc., have different factor intensities. Hence, an organization will have cost advantages by configuration of its value-chain in a way that each activity is located in the country that has the least expenditure for the factor that the activity utilizes the most. This is the main idea behind comparative advantage-based competitive advantage-a concept for which highly developed analytical tools are used from the field of international economics (Gupta and Govindarajan 2014). National differences are also there in the output markets. The taste and preferences of the Customer vary on the basis of their countries, so does the distribution channels, government policies, regulations applied to the respective product-markets, or the effectiveness of different promotional strategies and other marketing tools. A firm can add the exchange value of its ouput by customizing its offerings as per the requirement and the demand of the market (Parkhe 2013). Scale economies is a also useful concept, as it is applied for gaining competitive advantage. Microeco- nomic theory gives a strong theoretical and practical basis for evaluation of the impact of scale on reduction of costs. Many companies use the scale of economies as a competitive tool. Its main implication for strategy is for expansion of firm and the volume of its output must be increased so that benefits of economies of scale can be achieved. Or else any competitor who is capable of achieving such volume can create cost advantage, and this will be to a difficult situation make the firms with low volume lose its grip in the market. However scale is a static concept, there may be advantages of scale that has been defiend as the experience or learning effect. A higher volume helps a firm to use scale benefits so that it can acquire learning, and this will help in progressing and cost reduction as the firm moves down towards its learning curve (Govindarajan and Ramamurti 2016). As discussed by Kim and Hwang, (2012) the strategic relevance of scope economies comes from a diversified firm's ability to share investments and costs throughout the same or different value chains that competitors, not having similar internal and external diversity cannot. This type of sharing occur across segments, products or markets and include combined use of various kinds of assets. A firm with such diversity can share physical assets like equipment of production, funds or the brand names throughout various businesses and markets. Manufacturing systems that use updated technologies like robots for production of various goods is an example of how a firm can use scope benefits. Cross-subsidizing markets and using global brand name are other examples of sharing a tangible asset throughout various components of a firm's product and market profile. Another important source of scope economies is sharing of external relations: with customers, suppliers, distributors, governments and o ther organizations. A multinational bank will provide quality service to an international customer compared to a bank that functions only in one country. As opposed by Peng (2013) companies such as Matsushita have gained benefits because they offer to a variety range of products to the market with the help of the same distribution channel. The expansion of Japanese trading companies into new businesses to fulfill the different needs and demands of their customers is another example of another variation of diversity (Lascu 2014). As per Meyer and Estrin, (2014) that there are three arguments that help in construction of the framework. First. in the global strategy literature a kind of industry determinism has come to existence not unlike the technological determinisrn that was seen in the management literary works of the 1960s. The structures of industries significantly influence the accuracy and correctness of a corporate strategy, but there are few of such influences. Apart from the corporate strategy affects the structure of the industry the way it is influenced by it. Another argument is that simple schemes for division of strategies of the companies in different situations conceals more than it reveals. A map with a detailed comparison of the elements of strategies will help the managers understand it in a better way and improve the competitive status of their companies. Third and the final argument, is that sufficient importance has not been given to the the issues of risk and learning in the strategy literature, especially in the area of global strategy. These are very important strategic objectives and needs be considered in a very explicit manner for the evaluation the strategic status of companies. This framework is not for replacing the analytical tools that presently exist but an enhancement that strengthens these theories (Hotho, Lyles and Easterby?Smith 2015). The framework does not provide any new ideas or solutions, but only a synthesis of current ideas and tools. The advantage of this type of synthesis is that it will assist the managers in integrating the dynamic strategic actions into an overall strategic thrust by showing the consistencies and contradictions among those actions. For academics this brief opinion of the current literature on global strategy will show that there is a a requirement for more practical based and systematic research to examine and justify the hypotheses which presently is seen in the literature as prescriptions and research conclusions. The partial analyses will lead to valid conclusions only if excluded variables are controlled. The rival hypotheses needs to be considered and eliminated. The body of descriptive and normative research is sufficient to let future researchers to take a systematic approach to improve the reliability and validity of their findings and suggestions (Lei and Slocum 2012). The framework. is believed to be significant to some researchers in thinking about appropriate research issues and designs for further studies the field of global strategic management. The previous works in this particular have not been able to provide sufficient knowledge and guidance about the concept but this particular article has made the idea about the Global strategy to the readers and the scholars. The author was the first in this area to provide a framework so that it can become comprehensible. One reading this article easily understands the scope of Global Strategy and the important factors in the concept of Global strategy. References Chandler, A., Hagstrom, P. and Solvell, O., 2013.The dynamic firm: the role of technology, strategy, organization, and regions. Oxford University Press. Ghoshal, S., 1987. Global strategy: An organizing framework.Strategic management journal,8(5), pp.425-440. Govindarajan, V. and Ramamurti, R., 2016. Reverse innovation, emerging markets, and global strategy.Global Strategy Journal,1(3?4), pp.191-205. Gupta, A.K. and Govindarajan, V., 2014.Global strategy and organization. Wiley. Hotho, J.J., Lyles, M.A. and Easterby?Smith, M., 2015. The mutual impact of global strategy and organizational learning: Current themes and future directions.Global Strategy Journal,5(2), pp.85-112. Jia, F., Jia, F., Orzes, G., Orzes, G., Sartor, M., Sartor, M., Nassimbeni, G. and Nassimbeni, G., 2017. Global sourcing strategy and structure: towards a conceptual framework.International Journal of Operations Production Management,37(7), pp.840-864. Kim, W.C. and Hwang, P., 2012. Global strategy and multinationals' entry mode choice.Journal of International Business Studies, pp.29-53. Lascu, D.N., 2014. Total global strategy: Managing for worldwide competitive advantage.Journal of Marketing,58(3), p.121. Lei, D. and Slocum, J.W., 2012. Global strategy, competence-building and strategic alliances.California Management Review,35(1), pp.81-97. Meyer, K.E. and Estrin, S., 2014. Local context and global strategy: extending the integration responsiveness framework to subsidiary strategy.Global Strategy Journal,4(1), pp.1-19. Parkhe, A., 2013. Interfirm diversity, organizational learning, and longevity in global strategic alliances.Journal of international business studies,22(4), pp.579-601. Peng, M.W., 2013.Global strategy. Cengage learning. Roth, K. and Morrison, A.J., 2016. An empirical analysis of the integration-responsiveness framework in global industries.Journal of International Business Studies,21(4), pp.541-564. Roth, K., Schweiger, D.M. and Morrison, A.J., 2017. Global strategy implementation at the business unit level: Operational capabilities and administrative mechanisms.Journal of International Business Studies,22(3), pp.369-402. Yip, G.S., 2014.Total global strategy. Prentice Hall PTR. Zou, S. and Tamer Cavusgil, S., 2016. Global strategy: a review and an integrated conceptual framework.European Journal of Marketing,30(1), pp.52-69.

How Much Of An Effect Does Your Environment Have On Your Mental Health

How much of an effect does your environment have on your mental health? Plenty. Does it mean you're doomed if your environment is supposedly negative? Not necessarily. What can we attribute the high rate of social and psychological problems in cities to? And, are urban areas predestined to be a hub for high social and psychological problems. The latter two are questions David Quinton is attempting to answer in the annotation titled Urbanism and Child Mental Health . In this commentary, Quinton reviews other researchers' data and attempts to explain the phenomena. The research primarily includes subjects from London's boroughs, as well as, urban areas from Oslo, Beijing and Kampala. Quinton notes a similar review by Freeman (1984) is in circulation, but it failed to consider the process of city rise and decay, the qualities of urban life and the impacts of the physical environment. Quinton begins by commenting that there are few studies of early childhood disorders that compare children in urban and rural areas within the same culture using the same assessment measures. Instead, studies rely on ecological correlations in bureaucratically limited areas. This data produced an unsurprising casual connection between indicators such as housing features and deviance. However, the ecological fallacy - the inclination to draw conclusions from unrelated indicators - presents problems. Therefore, data related to area differences is deemed tainted because of certain influences. He reviewed Lavik's 1977 study of disorder rates in Oslo with a rural sample, and surprise, behavior problems were more common in the city. Basically, Quinton found the urban areas to have higher instances of negative actions in all the studies he reviewed. He reviewed studies based on the following sub-topics: Intra-urban differences, migration, features of the area, housing characteristics, urban environment, urban malaise and social isolation and support. The author feels that it's very difficult to compile data on the processes of producing the combinations of poor environments, low resources and personal vulnerabilities that generate pathogenic family environments . The difficulty lies in the fact that the research encompasses so much and crosses discipline boundaries. A developmental study that includes factors like; the characteristics of migrating parents, the benefits and temptations of urban areas, social overload versus social isolation and urban malaise, is not feasible unless someone wants to spend a lot money for a question everyone claims to know the answer to. Quinton believes the answer to the research lies in two approaches he calls life history and life events research . He thinks the history perspective is necessary to understand how families come to be in particular environments. He also believes the life events approach provides a means of linking life h istories and current environments to the circumstances precipitating disorder, and thus perhaps to measures that might alleviate difficulties. I was mislead by the title of the article. I expected an article complete with interviews, statistics and personal highlights similar to an NBC Dateline program. At first, one is inclined to think Quinton is digging too deep in the subject, but in retrospect I believe he's going in the right direction. Quinton's research lets developmental studiers know the depth of the research needed to properly assess the urban situation. We all believe that there is some truth in the statement ' kids in the inner city have greater chance at experiencing social and psychological problems'. However, it's difficult to come up with a study that includes all of the factors necessary to properly determine the answer. Common sense tells me that a study of this magnitude is impossible, because so many elements are included in the growth of a person's personality. Nevertheless if such a study were completed, the results wouldn't startle anyone. It's true inhabitants of the concrete jungle will always have a higher percentage of social and psychological problems. The justification for this assumption lies within my personal experiences. I've lived in Illinois, New Jersey and several cities in Europe, and it's about the same everywhere you go. Human nature is based upon basic needs, environment and learned behaviors. The key here is environment. Although the proximity to educational and social stimulus is near excellent, so are items promoting deviant behavior. One would assume, because of the vast amount

Breakdown of Every Question Type in SAT Reading by %

Breakdown of Every Question Type in SAT Reading by % SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Passage-based questions on the SAT Critical Reading section can be a real challenge, so it’s helpful to know exactly what you’re getting into before the test. I’ve gone through every publicly available SAT and analyzed how frequently every type of Reading question shows up on the exam. In this article, which has been fully updated for the new SAT, I’ll go over the different categories of questions, show you how frequently they each appear, and tell you what this information means for your testing strategy. What are the SAT Reading Question Types? On the SAT, the Reading section lasts 65 minutes and contains 52 questions. There will be five passages in the section, and all Reading questions are based on the passages. Before we get to the distribution of questions, I’ll briefly outline each of the nine question types you'll see on the SAT Reading section so you have a better context for the numbers. Big Picture Questions Big picture questions are about the author’s point of view, the primary purpose of the passage, and the rhetorical strategy of the author. Example of a big picture question: The primary purpose of the passage is to A. discuss the assumptions and reasoning behind a theoryB. describe the aim, method, and results of an experimentC. present and analyze conflicting data about a phenomenonD. show the innovative nature of a procedure used in a study Little Picture/Detail Questions Little picture/detail questions will be about a specific small detail in a passage.They might ask you what a phrase in a passage specifically refers to or give you a line number and ask you to find a detail in that part of the passage. Example of a little picture question: The fourth paragraph (lines 50-56) indicates that Plato’s principal objection to â€Å"poetry† (line 50) was its A. confusing languageB. widespread popularityC. depiction of turbulent eventsD. influence on people’s morals Inference Questions Inference questions will ask you to make a logical assumption based on details in the passage.You may have to infer the meaning of a paragraph or line in the passage, determine the implications of a statement in the passage, or make a logical conclusion about opinions stated by passage authors. Example of an inference question: Which of the following, if available, would best refute the author’s assertion about the â€Å"young upstart† (line 57)? A. Evidence that certain kinds of particles in nature exceed the speed of lightB. Confirmation of conditions that existed in the earliest stages of the Big BangC. Speculation that the deep interior of a black hole is not as dense as scientists have believedD. Mathematical formulas that link general relativity and quantum mechanics in the same realm Function Questions Function questions will ask you to figure out what the purpose or effect of a line or paragraph is in the context of a passage or why the author used a certain phrasing in the passage. Example of a function question: The author of the passage uses the quotation in lines 5-6 primarily as a: A. vivid expression of how she views wordsB. powerful example of what she sought in ShakespeareC. scholarly citation linking her to poetic wordsD. comical introduction to a problem encountered by every dramatic performer Vocabulary in Context Questions Words in context questions will ask you the definition of a word as it is used in the context of a passage.Answering these questions correctly requires an understanding of nuance in the meanings of common words rather than a wide-ranging vocabulary. Example of a vocabulary in context question: In line 34, the word â€Å"follow† most nearly means A. pursueB. resultC. join inD. listen carefully Analogy Questions Analogy questions will ask you to make a comparison between a condition or relationship described in the passage and a condition or relationship that is not mentioned in the passage.Basically, you have to detect the underlying similarity between something in the passage and a separate hypothetical situation.Analogy questions are a subset of inference questions. Example of an analogy question: The â€Å"experts† (line 53) would most likely argue that which of the following is guilty of the â€Å"sin† mentioned in line 58? A. A veterinarian who is unwilling to treat a sick animalB. A cat owner who believes his cat misses its siblingsC. A dog owner who is unwilling to punish her dog for misbehavingD. A zoologist who places the interests of people before those of animals Author Technique Questions Author technique questions will ask you about the author’s tone in the passage or the mood the passage conveys to the reader. Example of an author technique question: The first paragraph of the passage establishes a mood of A. jaded dismissalB. nervous apprehensionC. dramatic anticipationD. initial concern Evidence Support Questions These are a new type of SAT Reading question. You'll answer a question about the passage, for example an inference or little detail question, and the next question (the evidence support question) will ask you tocite evidencethat supports your answer to the previous question. Example of an evidence support question: Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A.Lines 45-50 ("So every...beetles")B.Lines 51-53 ("Finally...beetles")C.Lines 59-61 ("We would...open")D.Lines 76-79 ("Gourds...flowers") Data Reasoning Questions For the first time, SAT Reading now includes figures (such as graphs and charts) that show data. For data reasoning questions, you'll need to interpret the data in the figure and place it in the context of the overall passage - for example, how does this figure support the author's argument?Especially tricky will be data reasoning questions that require you to make inferences- for example, "the author is most likely to support which interpretation of the data in this figure?" Example of a data reasoning question: According to figure 1, in 2017, the cost of which of the following fuels is projected to be closest to the 2009 US average electricity cost shown in figure 2? A.Natural gasB.Wind (onshore)C.Conventional coalD.Advanced nuclear Now for our all-access behind-the-scenes tour of SAT reading. This is where the magic happens, folks. Currently in production: "SAT Reading: This Time, It's Critical" Distribution of Question Types Here's a table that outlines the distribution of each question type that we found on the SAT Reading section. This data was collected by going through every Reading question on the eight available official practice SATs, sorting them into categories, and averaging the data we got. Question Type Average Number of Questions per Section Percentage of Total Reading Questions Big Picture 21% Little Detail 7 13% Inference 5 10% Function 5 10% Vocabulary in Context 8 15% Analogy 1 2% Author Technique 1 2% Evidence Support 10 20% Data Reasoning 5 10% All Critical Reading Questions 52 103%(due to rounding) Big Picture Questions Out of the 52 questions on the SAT Reading section, I found that an average of about questions per test were Big Picture questions. This makes them the most common type of Reading question, and it means that about21% of the questions you’ll encounter on SAT Critical Reading will be based on an understanding of the main points of passages.The SAT has more Big Picture questions than the ACT, so this can make the SAT Reading section a bit more challenging because you really need to be aware of what the passage is discussing and what the auther is trying to convey. Little Detail Questions Little detail questions are also pretty common on the SAT, with an average of 7 questions per test.This means that about 13% of the questions in the Critical Reading section will be comprised of little detail questions.These questions tend to be the most direct and the least challenging of the bunch, so it’s encouraging to know that they are so common. Inference Questions At an average of 5 questions per test, inference questions are somewhat common and make up about 10% ofquestions on the Critical Reading section.This means that inference skills are pretty important on the SAT. This is especially true since they come into play on other question types, like analogies and sometimes big picture questions, as well. Function Questions There are also about 5 function questions per test,and they make up about10% of Reading questions.This means it's going to be important to understand the structure of the passages and the reasons behind the author's phrasing. Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today! Vocabulary in Context Questions Vocabulary in context questions became much more common when the SAT was revised in 2016. Now, there are about 8 of these questions per test, and they make up around 15% of Reading questions.As we mentioned above, you don't need a huge vocabulary to get these questions right, but you do need to be familiar with different definitions of more common words and how to determine which definition is being used based on the word's context in the passage. Analogy Questions Analogy questions are very rare - you can expect 1 or maybe 2 of them per test.If your skills with inference questions are strong, you should be able to figure out analogy questions as well.It's still good to be prepared for analogy questions because they are kind of weird if you haven't seen them before. See my article on analogy questions for more information about how to solve them. Author Technique Questions Author technique questions are even rarer than analogy questions. They only come up about once per test, if at all.It is sometimes useful to understand tone and mood for the Critical Reading section even if you don’t come across a specific question about them, but these are clearly not core concepts on the test. Evidence Support Questions Evidence support (also known as command of evidence) questions are one of the new SAT Reading questions, and they're also one of the most common question types. You can expect to see about 10 evidence support questionson each Reading Section, which means they make up about 20%of SAT Reading questions.To answer these questions correctly, you'll need to be able to use higher-level reasoning skills to correctly select the part of the passage that supports your previous answer. Data Reasoning Questions Another new question type, there will be about5 data reasoning questions on the SAT, usually spread between two passages. This means they make up about10% of the Reading section.To answer these questions correctly, you'll need to be able to accurately read graphs and charts and be able to understand how they relate to the passage. For more in-depth information, check out our guide to data reasoning questions. I got a blank space baby, and I'll write your name - a philosophy that probably didn't get TSwift very far on the SAT. How Does This Information Affect Your Approach to SAT Reading? Now that you know the frequency of question types, you may be wondering how you can adapt your Critical Reading strategy to the composition of the test. Here are some tips you should consider based on the data: Read Strategically It’s important to come up with a passage reading strategy that will allow you to absorb details while also understanding the main points the author of the passage is making.Since a significant portion of questions in Critical Reading are big picture, it is especially critical to understand passages holistically. On the SAT, passages are relatively short, so it can be beneficial to skim them before reading the questions.Even though Reading questions often give you line numbers, it's a lot easier to figure out questions that deal with inferences, the function of a certain part of the passage, and the main purpose of the passage if you read the passage quickly beforehand.A good skimming strategy is to read the first and last paragraphs and the first and last sentences of each body paragraph.This way you’ll know the main ideas and the gist of the author’s argument. Inference, function, and big picture questions together make up nearly half of the Reading questions on the test.This means that fully understanding the main points made in the passage before you read the questions will help you to answer them much more efficiently. Pay Attention to Details Little picture questions make up a significant part of Reading questions, so you should also be prepared to get very specific with your answers.Sometimes the questions students miss are the ones that seem easy. They’ll breeze right by them and make a silly mistake.Don’t let that happen to you! This is also important because inference skills are critical on the test.With most inference questions, it comes down to finding the right keywords in the passage and matching up details to draw conclusions.This requires an eye for small details as well as awareness of the overall structure of the passage. Don’t Worry About Rarer Question Types (Unless You’re Shooting for a Perfect Score) If analogies scare you (and they are some of the more difficult questions), don’t worry too much about them. The same goes for author technique questions.You don’t need to spend your time practicing question types that will likely only show up once or twice on the test if at all. Practice answering big picture, little detail, evidence support, and vocabulary in context questions first and foremost. Then, if you master those, you can work through the rarer question types. Some questions are rare birds. But mainly I just think the expression on this bird's face is HILARIOUS. Summary There are a few different types of questions that you can expect to see on the passage-based reading section of SAT Critical Reading. These include: Big pictureLittle pictureInferenceFunctionVocabulary in contextAnalogies Author technique Evidence support Data reasoning Big pictureand evidence supportquestions are the most common, followed by vocabulary in contextand little detailquestions. Analogyand author technique questions are relatively rare. Based on the frequency of question types, you should: Practice skimming passages strategically Pay attention to passage details Save the rare question types for last in terms of studying Now that you know exactly what kinds of questions to expect, you’ll be extra prepared for everything the Critical Reading section throws at you! What's Next? For more SAT Reading strategies, take a look at our article on how to improve low reading scores or, if your scores are already high, check out our advice on how to get an 800 on SAT Reading. Read my article on the fundamental rule of SAT reading to understand the core strategy behind answering any reading question and my article on the hardest SAT reading questions to see what you might be up against. Still trying to decide whether to take SAT or ACT Reading? Learn about the differences here. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this Reading lesson, you'll love our program.Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands ofpractice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial:

Chapter 1 exam ( intercultural communication ) Essay

Chapter 1 exam ( intercultural communication ) - Essay Example The affective component refers to one’s motivation to approach or avoid communication, and the behavioral component refers to the skills required for communication. All these three components point towards an important factor related to communication. There is a vast difference in the verbal and non-verbal communication patterns across cultures and micro-cultures which are so numerous. How can anyone belonging to one culture know anything about these patterns in another culture without being acquainted with it? (cognitive) Skills are acquired through observation and imitation. How can communication skills of a different culture be adopted without getting a chance to observe them? (Behavior) And until one ever has sufficient acquaintance with people of a new and different culture, how can one be motivated to approach them? (Affective) In the beginning of the chapter, there is a prediction that Marshall MacLuhan’s vision of global village is soon likely to become a virtua l certainty. The reason is of course the tremendous development in technology. Telecommunication systems and supersonic jets have made it possible for people across the globe to come closer to each other.